The present research studies the pattern of the Internet usage by the third grade students of middle schools in the school year 2012-13 in Tehran. For this purpose, the needs of Iranian teenagers in virtual and cyber space have been identified and studied through an interdisciplinary approach. A researcher-made questionnaire and interviews with specialists and scholars in the fields of curriculum planning, educational technology, educational planning, information technology and communication were used based on an interdisciplinary approach. Finally, the needs of the students were divided and categorized into two factors of knowledge and skill, and individual and social characteristics on the basis of factor analysis method; the pattern of the Internet usage, including leisure factors and accessibility to information and sources, was designed and presented. Also, the results indicate that these factors have no direct effect on the network features and this effect occurs in relation to leisure factors through the location of the programs. Students’ interest in the Internet was mainly for the purposes of downloading videos and music and also playing online games and entertainment programs. This implies the necessity of attention on the part of planners to preparing and providing videos, games and educational, scientific and entertaining programs.

ISPs always confront a huge amount of their customer usage raw data. Since these data are too voluminous, data mining techniques can be useful to recognize hidden usage patterns of the users to develop relevant management strategies. But these patterns vary according to variable circumstances during a year. Therefore, in this paper, the usage patterns of internet users are detected continuously during time line applying usage attributes of the users and association rules of mining technique within an incremental data mining framework. Raw data of an ISP is surveyed to describe the model. The results of the article show that the usage patterns of internet users obtained from this data mining model can lead to the improvement of ISP services and the reduction of their costs.

Introduction: Academic faculty members need to emphasize ethical principles in order to improve higher education, with the understanding of this importance, the current research was conducted with the aim of designing the ethical model of academic faculty members in Iran's higher education. Material & Methods: This research is a type of qualitative study that uses foundational data theory. The participants, including experts and faculty members of the country's public universities, who were responsible for the promotion of academic members, were selected as key informants through a targeted sampling method of 45 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. The reliability and validity of the data were obtained from the two methods of reviewing the participants and recoding by experts. Data were analyzed by open, central and selective coding. Results: The results showed that the moral model of faculty members in Iran's higher education is explained in 10 main categories and 27 subcategories. Major and core categories in the form of 6 dimensions of causal conditions including (individual factors, organizational factors), core (cultural-educational, educational ethics, research ethics, scientific-executive), background conditions (higher education policies, moral activism), intervening conditions (environmental factors), strategies (micro level-university, macro level-higher education) and consequences (individual and organizational) were elevated to a higher abstract level and finally the research paradigm model was presented. Conclusion: The regulations for the promotion of academic staff members in Iran require a detailed revision of the content with an ethical and qualitative approach in order to make the indicators of the promotion regulations efficient and effective.

Today the consumption of cultural products is one of the most important aspect of life style. The purpose of the present study is to develop a proper pattern for the family usage of cyberspace. The qualitative method of data theory has been used to formulate this pattern and to obtain data tailored to the subject of the study. The participants in this study were experts in the field of ethics and family who were selected through theoretical sampling for semi-structured interviews and explorations، and interviews continued until the data arrived at theoretical saturation. Validity of the findings was confirmed by the members' matching methods، peer review and interviews. For analyzing data، open source، axial and selective coding were used. The results of this research shows that 335 initial conceptual propositions with 17 main categories and 49 sub categories in the form of six dimensions of the paradigmatic model including: Ali (3 categories); main phenomena (cyberspace and cyber); strategy (2 categories); Fields (6 categories); Environmental conditions (4 categories); and Outcome (2 categories) were identified. The integration of the categories based on the existing relationships among them created a paradigmatic model that provides a suitable pattern for family use of cyberspace and cybernetics.

Objective: The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a highly transmittable and pathogenic viral infection, causes severe acute respiratory syndrome and was spread throughout the world in early 2020. The effects of vitamin and micronutrient supplements on the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 seems challenging in scientific considerations. On the other side generally, experts warn against overconsumption of these supplements. Materials and methods: This study aimed to investigate the vitamin and micronutrient supplementation usage pattern in past history of patients with COVID-19 via a cross-sectional inquiry. Totally 510 patients referring to the infectious disease clinic of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran from March 2020 to May 2020 were recruited. The inclusion criterion was suspected patients for COVID-19 based on clinical findings and CT scans of the lung. The infected patients included both inpatients (171) and outpatients (339). Demographic information, clinical signs, and the supplement pattern use were collected through a questionnaire and the data were statistically analyzed. Results: Vitamin D3 intake was reported in 30% (103 patients) of outpatients and 16. 5% (28 patients) of hospitalized patients, which is statistically significant (P=0. 001). It shows that, the frequency of vitamin D3 consumption in the outpatient group was higher than inpatient group. This significant difference has also been shown in zinc consumption, in 29 patients (9%) outpatients versus 4 patients (2%) inpatients were reported (P=0. 007). Multi nominal regression showed that vitamin D3 intake has a supportive effect and reduces the risk of exacerbation and worsening of the disease. (OR=0. 291,95% CI 0. 102-. 0834, P=0. 022). Conclusion: According to the results of the present study and the findings of other studies, considering the supportive effect of vitamin D3 in reducing the severity of infectious diseases,Clinical trials with an appropriate sample size are recommended to investigate the functional role of this vitamin in improving viral diseases of the respiratory tract.

Background and Objective: Indiscriminate use of antibiotics is one of the major health problems worldwide. Rapidly increasing incidence of antibiotic-resistant microbes warns healthcare authorities in the country to use drugs, reasonably. This study was carried out to assess the pattern of antibiotic usage in Razi teaching hospital in Ahvaz, southwest of Iran.Methods: This descriptive –analytical study was conducted on 17668 hospitalized patients in Razi teaching hospital Ahvaz, southwest of Iran during 2012. Proper or inappropriate antibiotic usage was judged based on existing national guidelines or guidelines referenced in textbooks. Results: 3119 of patients were received antibiotics which 20.4% of patients were being treated unnecessarily. 2482 (79.6%) of patients had indications for antibiotic therapy. Out of 2482 patients with indications for antibiotic therapy, 51.9%, 18.1 % and 6.5 % of patients were received incorrect antibiotic regiment, inadequate dose and unsuitable duration of therapy, respectively. The highest rate of unnecessary, inappropriate, incorrect duration and dosage of antibiotics were observed in internal, scorpion wards and the lowest was in infectious diseases and obstetrics wards (P<0.05).Conclusion: The pattern of antibiotic usage in Razi teaching hospital in Ahvaz was inappropriate. Unnecessary prescription, inappropriate antibiotic spectrum, inadequate dose and duration of antibiotics were inappropriate treatment strategy.

Background: Narcotics are widely prescribed to eliminate postoperative pain. The present study was designed to survey the pattern of narcotic analgesia usage in surgical wards of Taleghani hospital. Materials and methods: This Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE) was designed based on Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Defined Daily Dose (ATC/DDD). The usage of injecting narcotics including pethidine, morphine, methadone, pentazocine, and fentanyl was surveyed during a 6-month period. Finally, ridge regression analysis was performed to draw the final model of probable associated factors. Result: Totally, 1029 patients received at least one dose of narcotic. Total usage of injecting narcotics was 335/24DDD or 4.67DDD/100 bed days. Narcotics were prescribed more frequently in the general surgery ward (129/32DDD), however, patients underwent renal transplantation received narcotics less frequently (11/175DDD). Multivariate regression analysis showed that postoperative narcotic requirement (DDD/day) has an inverse association with patient's age. Meanwhile, females consumed narcotics more frequently.Conclusion: Younger age and female gender are associated with higher narcotic consumption. This could in part explain physiologic and psychologic aspects of these patients.

Background and Aim: Considering the importance of skeletal anchorage in orthodontic treatment, this study aimed to assess the frequency and pattern of skeletal anchorage usage by Iranian orthodontists. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 301 Iranian orthodontists filled out a questionnaire consisting of 10 questions, 5 about miniscrews and 5 about miniplate usage. It also asked for the demographic information of the participants. The relationship between the participants' demographic information and their responses to the questions was also analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted by the Chi-square test, one-way ANOVA, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test (alpha=0.05).  Results: There were 46.7% males and 53.3% females with a mean age of 38.9 years and a mean work experience of 8.95 years. Of all, 89.7% of the participants used miniscrews and 16.3% of them used miniscrews and miniplates. Generally, participants not using skeletal anchorage were significantly older (P=0.002) and had a significantly longer work experience (P=0.000). Also, there was no significant association between gender and skeletal anchorage usage (P=0.204). From the perspective of the orthodontists, the main indication of anchorage devices was to provide optimal anchorage. Conclusion: The results showed that a high percentage of Iranian orthodontists used different types of skeletal anchorage devices. They preferred to use miniscrews more frequently than miniplates, mostly due to difficulties associated with their surgical insertion. Also, it was observed that older orthodontists used skeletal anchorage less frequently than younger orthodontists.

Today, cows are selected using genetic information at the level of the genome translation, transcriptome and proteome. In this regard, there is a high correlation between codon usage patterns at the genome level and the level of expression of genes in the genome level, which are related to the expression and translation of the genes, this indicator is the result of a balance between factors such as mutation, natural selection, GC content and gene expression level. This information is useful in evaluating the evolutionary process and changes in the genome and predicting gene expression levels within species. However, there is limited information on the study of codon usage in bulls. In the present study, the codon usage pattern between two Holstein )Bos Taurus(and cholistani)Bos indicus(cattle populations is evaluated using gene expression data with different expression and its relation with gene expression. For this purpose, in this study, RNA-Seq data were used to assemble 40 samples of Holstein)Bos Taurus) and 45 cholistani (Bos indicus) breeds. Finally, the codon usage pattern was calculated based on indices such as ENC, GC3S, CAI and GC for different expression genes between the two breeds using the CODON W software. Also, R 3. 4. 2 Statistical software was used to calculate the correlation between the desired indicators and the graphs. An analysis of codon usage for ORF regions with different expressions in both Holstein and cholistani breeds showed that there is a high correlation between the total GC and GC3S values, which indicates the effect of GC and mutation as an important factor in the creation of various codons; Also, the correlation between ENC and GC3S showed that mutation was the most important factor in the formation of codons. The correlation between the CAI indexes, which is mainly used to predict gene expression levels, with the ENC index indicates the association between the codon usage pattern and the gene expression. This is the first report to examine the codon biology between the two Holstein and cholistani breeds, which not only provide a new perspective for understanding the mechanisms of the codon preference model, but also provide useful clues for molecular genetics and evolutionary studies.